Different types of chemicals used for disinfecting tools

Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. On This Page. Methods of Disinfection. Get Email Updates. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: Email Address. What's this? Return to Guidelines Library. Try to keep the surfaces and floors dry, when the room is in use. The equipment inside the room should be covered during the cleaning process.

All the inanimate objects like tables, chairs, trolleys, sink door handler, etc. Mopping should be regularly done at the beginning of each day before the OT process is going to start. The OT tables, trolley tops, lamps, etc. Routine bacteriological surveillance of ORs should be done for monitoring the presence of various airborne pathogens. The rate of microbial contamination in a well-designed, properly filtered, ventilated, and disinfected OT is much less. In conventionally ventilated theaters, microbiological sampling is done in the following way.

Close all the doors of the ORs and keep empty for 1 h. At least two samples should be taken per OR. The working condition of HEPA filters should be checked first. In properly functioning HEPA filters, the amount of airborne microbial contamination is very low. In unidirectional air flow zone, microbiological sampling is done from the four corners of the perimeter zone, one from the center and four from the inner corners of the inner zone.

This zone should not contain more than 0. NIs or HAIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the medical setup. The patients in the ICUs are observed to be more ill, receiving multiple high antibiotics, on multiple devices, and exposed to multiple antibiotic-resistant colonizers. Various risk factors for the development of infections are divided into host-related and hospital-related factors. The factors related to the hospital or treatment are device related, treatment on immunosuppressive drugs, multiple blood transfusion, hemodialysis, parenteral nutrition, prolong immobilization, etc.

The HAI rate has been reduced to one-third with proper applicability of infection control programs. One should have adequate knowledge about the risk factors, source of infection, type, and causation of infections to plan and establish the preventive strategies. Bundle approach is an evidence-based group approach of preventive measures, which is found to be more effective when executed together.

Studies confirm that combined interventions result in better outcome than individual. These bundle approaches are small three to five , straightforward practices performed in groups. However, the rate of reduction of these infections also depends on the baseline rate of infection of that health care center, staff adherence to the tactics, and the preventive measures chosen for the bundle.

The number increases with the increase in handling, duration of insertion, number of manipulation, number of lumens, etc. Studies have proved that a large proportion of infections are preventable by applying the various control measures.

All the elements of the bundle must be executed at the same point of time. These include hand washing, full-barrier precaution during the insertion of central line catheter, cleaning of the skin with chlorhexidine solution every time, frequent infusion of heparin or heparinlike substance through total parenteral nutrition to prevent the formation of fibrin, removal of unnecessary catheters, and avoidance femoral site catheterization. It not only causes mortality but also is responsible for substantial cost of treatment.

Various recommendations for the prevention of VAP include 1 appropriate cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of ventilator equipment, 2 maintenance of ventilator circuits, and 3 routine care of patients requiring ventilation.

The preventive measures taken for the patients to reduce the rate of VAP are use of orotracheal intubation, noninvasive ventilation, minimization of the duration of ventilation. The patient should be maintained in semirecumbent position 30—45 degrees elevation of head of the bed. Regular oral care should be performed.

Staff must be trained enough to differentiate asymptomatic bacteriuria from infection due to catheterization. Regular education regarding repeated hand washing before and after catheterization, maintenance of a closed system, maintaining free urine flow, and securing the catheter position correctly should be given to the health care workers for the prevention of these infections. Preoperative patient preparation, management of the colonizers, correct surgical technique, adequate antimicrobial prophylaxis, adequate sterilization and disinfection of the environmental surfaces, proper aseptic techniques, as well as washing surgical hands before and after the operative procedure are various preventive measures that can be taken to reduce the incidence of SSIs.

About one-third of the infections in the ICUs can be prevented by implementation of recommended preventive measures. Apart from education of the health care personnel and standard precaution measures, other precautions like contact precaution, airborne precaution, and droplet precaution should be taken to prevent various infections.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to C. Similarly infections transmitted by droplet such as tuberculosis, varicella, measles, viral hemorrhagic fever, and influenza can be prevented by taking adequate precaution. Use of antibiotics should be restricted in the ICU setup. Minimum precautions like heating the water before use, regular cleaning, and maintenance of water tanks can be done to prevent water-borne infections.

To conclude, sterilization, disinfection, and cleaning are the mainstay of hospital infection control activities. Hand hygiene remains the cornerstone of all infection control activities. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Essentials of Neuroanesthesia. Published online Mar Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. All rights reserved. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVIDrelated research that is available on the COVID resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source.

Abstract Sterilization and disinfection are the basic components of hospital infection control activities. Keywords: Bundle approach, Disinfection techniques, Health care—associated infections, Medical equipment, Sterilization techniques. Background Sterilization and disinfection are the basic components of hospital infection control activities. Table Open in a separate window.

Recommendation of Preferred Methods for Various Medical Devices The antimicrobial spectra of different methods are different from each other Fig. Figure There must be separate area for removing PPE.

Mopping of the hospital surfaces should be done using detergent. Table tops and counters should also be cleaned regularly by detergent only. Cleaning by vacuum pump and use of high-efficiency particulate air HEPA filters for the exhaust are preferred in these places. The organic matter should be cleaned with absorbent material, and final disinfection may be done using sodium hypochlorite solution with dilution. Cleaning and Disinfection of Medical Instruments 15 , 16 , 17 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 The cleaning and disinfection of medical equipment depends on their physical nature, character of the material it is made up of, lumen size, etc.

All the staffs during the process should use PPE. Hence, drying should be avoided by immersing the equipment in the detergent or disinfectant solution prior to cleaning. The soaked matter can be cleaned by manual scrubbing and rubbing with brush or automated scrubber and thoroughly washed with water under pressure.

Avoid prolonged or overnight soaking of the devices. Too low concentration may not work effectively to remove the organic materials or microorganisms.

Delicate articles should be processed in neutral pH. Enzymatic cleaners with neutral pH are preferred to avoid the damage of the articles. For example, in case of flexible endoscope, neutral pH detergent with enzymatic action is preferred.

Cleaning and Reprocessing of Patient Care Equipment 14 Patients care equipment are divided into three categories critical, semicritical, and noncritical depending on the intended use and risk of transmission of infection.

Items Methods Anesthetic equipment airways, endotracheal tubes, etc. HLD , high-level disinfectant. Reprocessing of the Critical Items Devices that come in contact with the sterile parts of the body are included in critical items category.

Reprocessing of Semicritical Items Items that come in contact with the mucous membrane of the skin are included in this category. Reprocessing of Noncritical Items Items that come in contact with the intact skin are included within noncritical items. Reprocessing of Respiratory Apparatus and Endoscopes 15 , 21 , 24 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 Respiratory apparatus such as ventilators, humidifiers, nebulizers, pulmonary screening devices, anesthetic equipment, laryngoscope and its blade, and suction equipment are most important in the ICU setup because of its association with the risk of transmission of infection.

Ventilators Ventilators are important sources of hospital-acquired infection. Discard all disposals and perform hand hygiene after each handling. The condensate from the inspiratory lines may spill to the tracheobronchial tree of the patient or into the nebulizer while handling, changing, or manipulating the ventilator circuit. Humidifiers For proper humidification, use sterile water in place of tap water to fill the humidifiers.

Nebulizer Use sterile water for nebulization. Anesthetic Equipment Anesthetic equipment such as face mask, ambu bag, tubings, and endotracheal tubes should be regularly cleaned.

Pulmonary Screening Device Do not routinely sterilize or disinfect the internal machinery of pulmonary function test machines. Reprocessing of Endoscopes 29 , 35 Endoscopes are very useful tools for diagnostic as well as therapeutic processes. Store The disinfected endoscopes should be dried, capped, and kept vertically for the prevention of contamination. Risk of Nonendoscopic Transmission of Infection There are many issues regarding nonendoscopic transmission of various infections.

Processing of Other Scopes Laparoscope is one of the popular equipment that enters into the sterile space. Special Precaution for Inactivation of Creutzfeldt—Jakob Disease 13 , 23 , 29 , 30 CJD has become a major crisis for the medical field because of lack of curative treatment. Risk assessment of the patient is done with the following criteria. Health Care—Associated Infections Definition 13 , 41 , 42 Hospital-acquired infection or nosocomial infection NI is defined as the localized or systemic infection acquired during the hospital care due to the adverse reactions to the presence of an infectious agent s or its toxin, which was neither present nor in incubating period during the time of admission.

Common Health Care—Associated Infections 48 HAIs can be transmitted by the medical devices or the unclean hands of the health care workers. Design of Operating Room 14 Designing the ORs is a complex task and should be done as per the recommendations. Ventilation and Cleaning of the Operating Rooms In the ORs, air flow system or ventilation removes the majority of airborne bacteria.

Microbiological Sampling Routine bacteriological surveillance of ORs should be done for monitoring the presence of various airborne pathogens. Bundle Approach for Reducing Infection Bundle approach is an evidence-based group approach of preventive measures, which is found to be more effective when executed together. Conclusion To conclude, sterilization, disinfection, and cleaning are the mainstay of hospital infection control activities.

References 1. Sopwith W. Preventing infections from reusable medical equipment: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. Rutala W. New disinfection and sterilization methods. Emerg Infect Dis. Biron F. Transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. N Engl J Med. Gillespie T. Mycobacterium chelonae isolated from rinse water within an endoscope washer-disinfector.

J Hosp Infect. Schelenz S. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection associated with contamination of bronchoscopes and an endoscope washer-disinfector. Spach D. Transmission of infection by gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy. Ann Intern Med.

Srinivasan A. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections associated with flexible bronchoscopes. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization of prion-contaminated medical instruments.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. Belay E. The public health impact of prion diseases. Annu Rev Public Health. Collins S. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Weissmann C. Birth of a prion: spontaneous generation revisited. Spaulding E. Chemical disinfection of medical and surgical materials. In: Lawrence C. Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. Favero M. In: Block S. Mathur P. Hospital acquired infections prevention and control. Ratula W. Guidelines for disinfection and sterilization in health care facilities.

Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. WHO; Geneva Switzerland : When it comes to choosing one among the many different types of disinfectants , there is no doubt that you will find many options available quite overwhelming.

However, there are certain considerations that you must keep in mind before you make the decision on which disinfectant you would certainly like to purchase. To start with, it is essential that you consider to what extent of disinfection that you want done and understand your exact needs of the particular disinfectant that would help you solve your issue. Once you have evaluated these two factors, you are assured of buying the right disinfectant substance for you.

Retailers are nowadays stocking a huge range of varying types of disinfectants and antiseptics, and you should select the most appropriate brand for you. You can easily locate dealers and the product you want by simply conducting an online search. Skip to content. Disinfectant Wipes These disinfectants provide easy solutions when eradicating germs. Deodorizer And Disinfectant Cleaners The various disinfectant products which provide cleaning solutions are no doubt a breakthrough alternative to certain traditional cleaners.